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This panel brings together scholars to examine the complexity of intergovernmental relations in multilevel systems, including but not limited to federations. Drawing on comparative and case-based studies, panelists will explore key questions, including: How do national, state/provincial, and local actors coordinate—or compete—in addressing shared challenges? What formal and informal mechanisms facilitate or hinder effective intergovernmental coordination and cooperation? How are emerging pressures—e.g., fiscal constraints, migration, democratic backsliding, environmental concerns, health emergencies, technological change—affect models of federalism/multilevel governance? We welcome contributions from countries around the world, particularly those studies that are comparative in nature.