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Referendums are characterized by a mix of online and offline participatory democracy (blended participation) in the pre referendum phase. They also include deliberative instruments. The Direct Democracy Integrity Index showed that this phase is often problematic and lacks integrity. Authoritarian regimes misuse this phase to manipulate the drafting of the constitution, as well as campaigning for the referendum. However, some democracies also experience issues during this campaign phase, which can be exacerbated by social media's role as a platform for hate speech, fake news, and propaganda. What tools are used for blended participation? Who participates? What is the quality of participation? What are the effects? This open meeting of the long-standing DDD research group (Direct and Deliberative Democracy) will focus on the combination of online and offline participation.